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Haraldr Óláfsson (died 1248),〔Oram (2013); McDonald (2012a); McDonald (2012b); Beuermann (2010); McDonald (2007a); McDonald (2007b); Woolf (2007); Bandlien (2006).〕 also known as Harald Olafsson,〔Crawford (2014).〕 and Arailt mac Amhlaíbh,〔McLeod (2002).〕 was a thirteenth-century King of Mann and the Isles, and a member of the Crovan dynasty. He was one of several sons of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles, although the identity of his mother is uncertain. When his father died in 1237, Haraldr succeeded to the kingship as a fourteen-year-old, and held the kingship for about a decade afterwards. Early in his reign, Haraldr was forced to contend with an apparent coup perpetrated by a kinsman and perhaps an otherwise unknown younger brother. Following this, Haraldr was then ejected from Mann by envoys of his father's overlord, Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway, who probably took action against Haraldr because the former had refused to render him homage. Unable to overcome Hákon's supporters in the Isles, Haraldr eventually submitted to Hákon in Norway, and remained there for about two or three years before being restored in the Isles. Unlike his immediate royal predecessors, who appear to have favoured the title ''rex insularum'', Haraldr appears to have preferred ''rex mannie et insularum''. Three charters from Haraldr's reign are known, two of which are recorded to have borne a waxen seal, depicting a galley on one side and a lion on the other. Haraldr reigned during a period of competing claims to overlordship of the Isles by the English, Norwegian, and Scottish Crowns. Like his father before him, and a younger brother after him, Haraldr was knighted by Henry III, King of England. The act itself brought Haraldr closer within the orbit of the English Crown. Late in 1247, however, Haraldr returned to Norway and married Hákon's daughter, Cecilía, and thereby bound himself closer to the Norwegian Crown. Whilst attempting to return to the Isles in the autumn of 1248, the newly-wed's ship was lost at sea south of Shetland in a tidal race known as Sumburgh Roost. News of Haraldr's demise appears to have reached Mann by the spring of 1249, whereupon his younger brother, Rögnvaldr, succeeded to the kingship. Haraldr was evidently a popular and capable king who appears to have garnered much of his support from the Hebridean portion of his realm. His untimely death, however, led to the continuation of the vicious kin-strife which had wracked the Crovan dynasty during his father's ''floruit''. The chaos brought about by Haraldr's demise appears to have contributed to the invasion of Argyll, and near conquest of the Hebrides, by Alexander II, King of Scotland. ==Background== Haraldr was a son of Óláfr Guðrøðarson, King of the Isles (died 1237),〔McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; McNamee (2005); Power (2005) p. 34; Brown (2004) p. 77 tab. 4.1; Sellar (2000) p. 192 tab. i; McDonald (1997) p. 259 tab. iii.〕 and a member of the Crovan dynasty.〔McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1.〕 The identity of Haraldr's mother is less certain. Óláfr is known to have had two wives. His first marriage was to "''Lauon''", a woman who was likely a member of Clann Somhairle, possibly a daughter of either Ruaidhrí mac Raghnaill (died 1247?) or Domhnall mac Raghnaill, or else a daughter of their father, Raghnall mac Somhairle (died 1191/1192–c. 1210/1227).〔McDonald (2007b) pp. 27 tab. 1, 116–117; Woolf (2007) pp. 81–82.〕 Óláfr's second wife was Cristina, daughter of Fearchar mac an tSagairt.〔McDonald (2007b) p. 27 tab. 1; Woolf (2007) pp. 81–82.〕 Although no contemporaneous source names Haraldr's mother,〔McDonald (2007b) p. 79 n. 48.〕 the ''Chronicle of Mann'' states that Óláfr died in 1237, and specifies that Haraldr was fourteen-years-old at the time. This would place his birth in about 1222 or 1223, at about the time that Óláfr married his second wife,〔McDonald (2007b) pp. 79 n. 48, 171; Woolf (2007) p. 82; Anderson (1922) p. 507; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 94–95.〕 indicating that either woman could have been Haraldr's mother.〔Woolf (2007) p. 82.〕 Haraldr reigned during an apparent lull in an ongoing and vicious struggle over the kingship fought between two rival branches of the Crovan dynasty.〔McDonald (2007b) pp. 87, 90.〕 This kin-strife had its origins in the late twelfth century, on the death of Haraldr's paternal grandfather, Guðrøðr Óláfsson, King of Dublin and the Isles (died 1187),〔McDonald (2007b) p. 70.〕 after which the king was succeeded by Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson (died 1229). Although the latter was Guðrøðr Óláfsson's eldest son, and had the support of the Islesmen, Rögnvaldr Guðrøðarson's mother was an uncanonical wife or concubine.〔McDonald (2007b) pp. 70–71, 72–73; Duffy (2004b).〕 Haraldr's father, on the other hand, was the product of canonically recognised marriage, and may well have been Guðrøðr Óláfsson's chosen successor.〔McDonald (2007b) pp. 70–72; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).〕 After a period of imprisonment, Rögnvaldr had Óláfr marry Lauon, the sister of his own wife.〔McDonald (2007b) pp. 78–79; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).〕 Óláfr, however, managed to have the union nullified, and married Cristina.〔McDonald (2007b) p. 79; McNamee (2005).〕 Tensions between the half-brothers turned to outright warfare in the 1220s, in which Rögnvaldr's son, Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson (died 1231), was captured and mutilated by Óláfr.〔McDonald (2007b) pp. 79–80; McNamee (2005); Duffy (2004b).〕 Rögnvaldr was slain battling Óláfr in 1229, after which the latter gained complete control of the kingdom.〔Duffy (2004b); McNamee (2005).〕 In the 1230s, during a period of heightened tensions between the Norwegian and Scottish realms, Óláfr and Guðrøðr Rögnvaldsson temporarily shared control of the Crovan dynasty's partitioned realm.〔McDonald (2007b) pp. 158–158; McNamee (2005).〕 When the latter was killed in 1231, Óláfr assumed control of the entire kingdom, and ruled it peacefully until his own death.〔McNamee (2005).〕 Haraldr also ruled during a period of competing claims to the overlordship of the Isles,〔Stringer (2004); Helle (2009).〕 a region comprising the Hebrides and Mann, known in the Norse world as ''Suðreyjar'' (the "Southern Islands") due to its geographical position in relation to Norway itself.〔Grohse (2013) pp. 257 fig. 1, 258; McDonald (2012b) ch. 5.〕 Since the reign of Magnús berfœttr, King of Norway, a king who conquered Orkney, the Isles, and possibly Dublin before his death in 1103, the Norwegian Crown appears to have claimed ultimate authority in the Isles.〔Beuermann (2010) p. 105.〕 In fact, on several occasions during the reigns of Haraldr's aforesaid royal predecessors, leading Islesmen sought recognition and protection from Norwegian monarchs.〔Beuermann (2010) pp. 106–108.〕 The ruler of Norway during Haraldr's ''floruit'' was Hákon Hákonarson, King of Norway (died 1263), a formidable ruler who spent the latter part of his reign focused on foreign policy and strengthening royal authority throughout far-flung Norse colonies such as the Isles.〔Helle (2009).〕 At the same time the Scottish Crown, in the person of Alexander II, King of Scotland (died 1249), consolidated control over Scotland's western seaboard, and moved to extend Scottish influence further into the Isles.〔Stringer (2004); Helle (2009).〕 Meanwhile, Henry III, King of England (died 1272) also had an interest in the Isles, and worked to bring the Crovan dynasty closer under the orbit of the English Crown.〔Barrow (1981) p. 111.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Harald Olafsson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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